Rights & liberties
naturalization
The process by which a lawful permanent resident becomes a citizen: residency, good moral character, English and civics tests, and an oath of allegiance.
In full
The usual requirements are five years as a permanent resident, three if married to a citizen, plus continuous residence and physical presence, an English test, a civics test drawn from a published question list, and the oath. Congress holds exclusive power over naturalization under Article I, so the rules are uniform nationwide.
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A plain-language explanation for civic education, not legal advice. When in doubt, the official source named above controls.