Making laws
private bill
Legislation that applies to one named person or entity rather than the public at large, most often in immigration or claims against the government.
In full
A private bill relieves a specific individual: granting permanent residency where the immigration statutes give no path, or paying a claim the government is otherwise immune from. They are far rarer than they once were, are handled on separate calendars, and become private laws with their own numbering series rather than entering the U.S. Code.
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A plain-language explanation for civic education, not legal advice. When in doubt, the official source named above controls.