The Constitution
suffrage amendments
The amendments expanding the vote: Fifteenth (race), Nineteenth (sex), Twenty-Fourth (no poll tax), and Twenty-Sixth (age eighteen).
In full
The Constitution never granted a general right to vote; it added prohibitions on specific grounds for denying it, one at a time, across a century. The Twenty-Third Amendment separately gave the District of Columbia electoral votes. Because eligibility otherwise remains a state matter, this patchwork is the whole federal floor.
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A plain-language explanation for civic education, not legal advice. When in doubt, the official source named above controls.