The courts
justiciability
Whether a question is the kind of thing courts may decide at all. Standing, ripeness, mootness, and the political question doctrine are its branches.
In full
Article III limits federal courts to cases and controversies, which excludes advisory opinions, hypotheticals, disputes with no injured party, and questions the Constitution assigns to the political branches. Justiciability doctrines are how the judiciary defines the edge of its own role, and they are where many politically charged cases actually end.
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A plain-language explanation for civic education, not legal advice. When in doubt, the official source named above controls.